DOELSTELLING Dit is een retrospectief cohortonderzoek dat gebruik maakt van observationele informatie uit geanonimiseerde hoofdzorginformatie. We bepalen en extraheren alle patiënten met diabetes type 2 en gerelateerde medische informatie uit de Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) om de mode van ziekteontwikkeling en stratificatie van de behandeling te informeren.
METHODSData zijn geëxtraheerd uit CPRD op 8 augustus 2016. De voorlopige informatieset bevatte alle patiënten (n = 313 485) in de database die een diabetesbehandeling type 2 hadden verkregen. Er zijn criteria gebruikt om deze te bepalen en uit te sluiten bij diabetes type 1, polycysteus ovariumsyndroom of verschillende soorten diabetes (n = 40 204), en ter informatie management van hoge kwaliteit (n = 12).
We erkenden 251 338 patiënten voor opname in toekomstige analyses van diabetesontwikkeling en behandelingsrespons. ONGEGEVEN. Voor een respons van 6 maanden op de behandeling, gemeten door verandering in geglyceerd hemoglobine (HbA1c), hebben we 91 765 patiënten met 119 785 episodes van behandelingsrespons.
Het beste effect op de korting van HbA1c gebeurt met eerstelijns- en tweedelijnsremedies, metformine en sulfonylureum. Patiënten die overstappen op derdelijnsremedies, hebben de neiging om betere gewichten en een betere lichaamsmassa-index te hebben.
We hebben het effect van niet-naleving van algemeen gebruikte glucoseverlagende geneesmiddelen op HbA1c onderzocht. Voor bij aanvang gecorrigeerde HbA1c-verandering gedurende 1 12 maanden hadden niet-adherente patiënten een afname in HbA1c-reductie dan adherente patiënten, met een impliciet en 95% BI van -4,4 (-4,7 tot -4,0) mmol / mol (-0,40 (-0,43 tot – 0,37)%).
ONGECERTIFICEERD Bevindingen uit onderzoek die deze informatie gebruiken, zullen helpen bij het informeren van toekomstige behandelplannen en tips. Aanvullende informatie wordt toegevoegd met updates van CPRD. Dit zal het aantal patiënten met nieuwere geneesmiddelen verbeteren en extra informatie toevoegen over deze die al worden behandeld.
Er is een aantal lopende onderzoeken die totaal verschillende hypothesen onderzoeken met betrekking tot differentiële respons op behandeling en ontwikkeling van diabetes. Voor ongewenste bijwerkingen kunnen zelfs hyperlinks naar informatie over ziekenhuisafleveringsstatistieken, de plaats waar extreme gebeurtenissen die gelijkwaardig zijn aan hypoglykemie worden geregistreerd, worden onderzocht.
Cohort profile for the MASTERMIND research: using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) to investigate stratification of response to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.
EUS en aanverwante toegepaste wetenschappen voor de analyse en behandeling van pancreasziekte: hiaten in analyse en kansen – Samenvatting van een workshop van het National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Een workshop werd gesponsord door het National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases om de lacunes in de analyse en alternatieven in de pancreas EUS aan te pakken.
Golgi membrane protein 1
AP79157
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Golgi membrane protein 1
AP84181
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Vacuole membrane protein 1
AP88735
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Vacuole membrane protein 1
AP89161
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Vacuole membrane protein 1
AP89234
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Vacuole membrane protein 1
AP89258
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein)
MBS644271-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 695
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein)
MBS644271-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 2975
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042966-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1560
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042966-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2520
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042966-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 11295
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042967-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1565
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042967-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2525
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042967-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 11325
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042968-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1565
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042968-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2525
Integral membrane protein 2B
MBS7042968-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 11325
Lysosome membrane protein 2
MBS7043266-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1820
Lysosome membrane protein 2
MBS7043266-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2755
Lysosome membrane protein 2
MBS7043266-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 12350
Lysosome membrane protein 2
MBS7043267-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1815
Lysosome membrane protein 2
MBS7043267-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2750
Membrane Protein - Lupus: Kidney
P3236142Lup
Biochain
0.1 mg
EUR 472
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55)
MBS6004130-005mg
MyBiosource
0.05(mg
EUR 630
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55)
MBS6004130-5x005mg
MyBiosource
5x0.05mg
EUR 2680
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55)
MBS6001081-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1(mg
EUR 665
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55)
MBS6001081-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 2850
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55)
MBS641139-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 630
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55)
MBS641139-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 2680
Epithelial membrane protein 1
AP82974
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Epithelial membrane protein 1
AP83169
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Epithelial membrane protein 1
AP83271
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (AP)
MBS6339283-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (AP)
MBS6339283-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (PE)
MBS6339293-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (PE)
MBS6339293-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
Membrane Protein Extraction Kit
55R-1357
Fitzgerald
50 assays
EUR 600
Description: Membrane Protein Extraction Kit for use in the research laboratory
Membrane Protein Extraction Kit
K2113-50
ApexBio
50 assays
EUR 624
Description: Extracts membrane proteins within an hour
Membrane Protein Extraction Kit
GWB-AXR182
GenWay Biotech
50 assays
Ask for price
Membrane Protein Extraction Kit
K268-50
Biovision
each
EUR 646.8
Membrane Protein Extraction Kit
MPE01-12S
ProFoldin
0.5 ml
EUR 117.02
Description: This product includes 0.5 ml of 12 solutions for screening and micro-scale preparative extraction of membrane proteins (up to 1.5 mg) from the cell membranes.
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP)
MBS6011586-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2(mL
EUR 695
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP)
MBS6011586-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 2975
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (APC)
MBS6339284-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (APC)
MBS6339284-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (FITC)
MBS6339286-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (FITC)
MBS6339286-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
Membrane cofactor protein
AP85113
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Membrane cofactor protein
AP85176
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Membrane cofactor protein
AP85224
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Membrane cofactor protein
AP85531
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Membrane cofactor protein
AP85645
SAB
1mg
EUR 2640
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042462-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1650
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042462-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2605
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042462-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 11685
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042463-001mg
MyBiosource
0.01mg
EUR 1135
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042463-005mg
MyBiosource
0.05mg
EUR 1660
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042463-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2615
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042464-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1675
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042464-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2635
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042464-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 11810
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042465-001mg
MyBiosource
0.01mg
EUR 1105
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042465-005mg
MyBiosource
0.05mg
EUR 1630
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042465-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2590
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042466-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1630
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042466-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2590
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042466-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 11605
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042467-002mg
MyBiosource
0.02mg
EUR 1655
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042467-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 2610
Membrane cofactor protein
MBS7042467-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 11705
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (AP)
MBS6132363-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1(mL
EUR 875
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (AP)
MBS6132363-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3800
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (Biotin)
MBS6339285-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
PXMP2, ID (PXMP2, PMP22, Peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kD peroxisomal membrane protein) (Biotin)
MBS6339285-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (AP)
MBS6385786-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1mL
EUR 920
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (AP)
MBS6385786-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3990
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (PE)
MBS6385796-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1mL
EUR 920
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (PE)
MBS6385796-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3990
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (PE)
MBS6158878-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1(mL
EUR 875
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (PE)
MBS6158878-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3800
SARS Membrane protein Recombinant
MBS553088-05mg
MyBiosource
0.5mg
EUR 830
SARS Membrane protein Recombinant
MBS553088-1mg
MyBiosource
1mg
EUR 1315
SCAMP3 (secretory carrier membrane protein 3, "Propin 1", C1orf3, PROPIN1, Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3, Secretory carrier membrane protein 3)
MBS621478-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 875
SCAMP3 (secretory carrier membrane protein 3, "Propin 1", C1orf3, PROPIN1, Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3, Secretory carrier membrane protein 3)
MBS621478-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 3790
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) APC
MBS6137666-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1(mL
EUR 875
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) APC
MBS6137666-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3800
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (Biotin)
MBS6142969-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1(mL
EUR 875
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (Biotin)
MBS6142969-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3800
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (FITC)
MBS6148272-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1(mL
EUR 875
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (FITC)
MBS6148272-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3800
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) APC
MBS6385787-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1mL
EUR 920
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) APC
MBS6385787-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3990
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (Biotin)
MBS6385788-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1mL
EUR 920
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (Biotin)
MBS6385788-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3990
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (FITC)
MBS6385789-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1mL
EUR 920
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (FITC)
MBS6385789-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3990
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (HRP)
MBS6385790-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1mL
EUR 920
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (HRP)
MBS6385790-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3990
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (HRP)
MBS6153575-01mL
MyBiosource
0.1(mL
EUR 875
MPP1 (55kD Erythrocyte Membrane Protein, p55, Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1, DXS552E, EMP55) (HRP)
MBS6153575-5x01mL
MyBiosource
5x0.1mL
EUR 3800
MPP1, ID (MPP1, DXS552E, EMP55, 55kD erythrocyte membrane protein, Membrane protein, palmitoylated 1)
MBS6009929-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2(mL
EUR 695
MPP1, ID (MPP1, DXS552E, EMP55, 55kD erythrocyte membrane protein, Membrane protein, palmitoylated 1)
MBS6009929-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 2975
PXMP4, ID (PXMP4, PMP24, Peroxisomal membrane protein 4, 24kD peroxisomal intrinsic membrane protein)
MBS6011269-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2(mL
EUR 695
PXMP4, ID (PXMP4, PMP24, Peroxisomal membrane protein 4, 24kD peroxisomal intrinsic membrane protein)
MBS6011269-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 2975
Membrane Frizzled-Related Protein (Membrane-type Frizzled-Related Protein, MFRP)
MBS600569-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 845
Membrane Frizzled-Related Protein (Membrane-type Frizzled-Related Protein, MFRP)
MBS600569-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 3660
Recombinant Outer membrane protein
MBS1156291-005mgBaculovirus
MyBiosource
0.05mg(Baculovirus)
EUR 885
Recombinant Outer membrane protein
MBS1156291-005mgEColi
MyBiosource
0.05mg(E-Coli)
EUR 505
Recombinant Outer membrane protein
MBS1156291-005mgYeast
MyBiosource
0.05mg(Yeast)
EUR 705
Recombinant Outer membrane protein
MBS1156291-02mgEColi
MyBiosource
0.2mg(E-Coli)
EUR 660
Recombinant Outer membrane protein
MBS1156291-05mgEColi
MyBiosource
0.5mg(E-Coli)
EUR 705
Human Golgi membrane protein GP73 Protein
abx060158-100ug
Abbexa
100 ug
EUR 1362
Human Golgi membrane protein GP73 Protein
abx060158-100g
Abbexa
100 µg
Ask for price
Human Golgi membrane protein GP73 Protein
abx060158-10g
Abbexa
10 µg
EUR 1037.5
Human Golgi membrane protein GP73 Protein
abx060158-50g
Abbexa
50 µg
Ask for price
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (AP)
MBS6295501-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (AP)
MBS6295501-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (APC)
MBS6295502-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (APC)
MBS6295502-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (FITC)
MBS6295504-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (FITC)
MBS6295504-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (PE)
MBS6295511-02mL
MyBiosource
0.2mL
EUR 980
EMP3, CT (EMP3, YMP, Epithelial membrane protein 3, Hematopoietic neural membrane protein 1, Protein YMP) (PE)
MBS6295511-5x02mL
MyBiosource
5x0.2mL
EUR 4250
CXADR-Like Membrane Protein (CLMP) Protein
20-abx261302
Abbexa
Ask for price
Ask for price
Ask for price
CXADR-Like Membrane Protein (CLMP) Protein
abx261302-20g
Abbexa
20 µg
EUR 325
CXADR-Like Membrane Protein (CLMP) Protein
abx261302-5g
Abbexa
5 µg
EUR 225
Golgi membrane protein GP73 Protein (Active)
MBS355615-01mg
MyBiosource
0.1mg
EUR 1030
Golgi membrane protein GP73 Protein (Active)
MBS355615-5x01mg
MyBiosource
5x0.1mg
EUR 4330
De gelegenheid vond plaats op 26 juli 2017 in vier perioden: (1) goedaardige alvleesklieraandoeningen, (2) risicovolle alvleesklieraandoeningen, (3) diagnostische en therapeutische middelen en (4) nieuwe toegepaste wetenschappen. De huidige status van gegevens werd herzien, met identificatie van nogal wat hiaten in gegevens en analysebehoeften.
Veelvoorkomende thema’s waren de behoefte aan massale consortia met meerdere centra van talrijke pancreasaandoeningen om een significante analyse van deze entiteiten mogelijk te maken; EUS-opties van totaal verschillende alvleesklierproblemen te standaardiseren, de aanpak van het nemen van alvleesklierlaesies en de efficiëntie van talrijke therapeutische EUS-procedures; en om risicovolle ziekte vroeg in de mobiele graad te bepalen, eerder dan macroscopische ziekte zich ontwikkelt.
Er werd ook gewezen op de behoefte aan gespecialiseerde instrumenten en apparatuur om de veilige en efficiënte efficiëntie van therapeutische EUS-procedures mogelijk te maken.